Increasing Brand Equity Through Viral Marketing Marketing Essay

Increasing Brand Equity Through Viral Marketing Marketing Essay Together with a friend/business partner, I have been developing a new business venture for the last two years. We are building an online platform for DJs, producers and record labels in the dance music industry (It is like a facebook developed for the dance music industry). It is not finished yet and we are still conducting research. Therefore I am going to write my thesis about this topic to expand my knowledge, with the main advantages to use the outcome of my thesis for my business venture. We will offer services to artists and producers to distribute their music efficiently with the main goal to become famous. Marketing is key in this recent concept and it is a new marketing phenomenon that has not been dealt with properly before by theorists. The fact that it is not a very common topic and it will be more difficult to find relevant papers makes it more challenging and therefore more interesting to write about this topic. Strategic brand management and marketing theories are used as a theoretical reference point when the artist branding practises are being evaluated and interpreted. The focus is on three theoretical concepts, viral marketing, brand awareness, and brand equity. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Case background: Globalization and digitization of the dance music industry Over the last few years, the dance music industry has been undergoing a revolutionary change. The emergence of Internet is having a significant impact on the supply chain for dance music. Figure 1, based on Premkumars digital distribution strategies (2003), shows that physical distribution has been replaced by digital distribution. Sharing music through the internet has never been this easy. Modern communications technologies have created new opportunities and increased competition. The digitization and globalization of music asks for new ways to promote and distribute music globally. Figure 1. Dance music distribution: shift in the supply chain a) Pre Web1.0 Physical distribution (until 1999) Artist Record Label Distributor Retailer Consumer b) Web1.0 Digital distribution through record labels (1999 2005) Artist Record Label Distributor Consumer c) Web2.0 Digital distribution and promotion through viral marketing (2005 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Artist Record Label Viral marketing Consumer The advent of the Internet is having a significant impact on both the supply chain for music and the dominance of the big record labels (Graham et al., 2004). The digitization and globalization of the dance music industry has led to a decrease of importance of record labels. Artists do not need record labels anymore to promote and distribute music. With intense competition, it is prudent for record labels to concentrate on their core competency of music creation. This way, record labels can remain truly relevant and valuable to both established and new artists (Crawford, 2001). This change of the supply chain of distributing and promoting music has led to a major structural change in the role of the artist. While the future may look bleak for the major record labels, it looks much more positive for artists and consumers (Graham et al., 2004). The individual artist brand has become more important in order to successfully gain competitive advantage in the dance music industry, which is becoming more crowded and aggressive because of the emergence of internet. It is more difficult for individual artists to be unique and share their sound these days. Because of the increase in importance of the artist brand, artists should understand brand management practices. Consumers should be made aware of the existence of the artist, and therefore brand awareness is very important. Entertainment products, like music, by established names are generally believed to perform better in the market. The charts of top selling offering (e.g. Billboard 200) are primarily populated with established artists, providing ample support for this perception (Moore et al., 2006). In other words, success of artists depends on artist brand awareness. Brand awareness measures consumers knowledge of a brands existence. It refers to the proportion of consumers who know or recognize the  brand. Brand awareness is an often undervalued asset; however, awareness has been shown to affect perceptions and even taste. People like the familiar and are prepared to ascribe all sorts of good attitudes to items that are familiar to them. Awareness is often transferred into perceptions of technological superiority and market acceptance (Kover, Aaker and Joachimster, 2000). According to Aaker (1991), brand awareness is a dimension of brand equity. Brand equity refers to that part of the value of a product that is attributable to the brand name. However, this paper will use brand equity in a different way than other theorists do. In the dance music industry, brand awareness plays a key role in the success of an artist, and therefore this thesis focuses on brand awareness and its relation with brand equity. Explicitly or implicitly, it is generally accepted that brand equity plays a role in the sales of entertainment products (Moore et al., 2006). This study measures brand equity as the difference in success between an established artist and a similar unknown artist. Once an artist is established, its success develops like a snowball effect or so-called virtuous circle. Artists should understand how to create and increase their brand equity and benefit from this sweeping change of the dance music industry. In the past, artists were promoted by their record labels and their success depended on the artists and labels network. Word-of-mouth played a big role in the distribution and promotion of music. The emergence of internet and the diminishing power of record labels have made it easier for artists to share music (globally) and therefore reach more people. New communication platforms like Facebook, Youtube, Twitter and blogs increased this phenomenon even more. This has also led to new possibilities for artists to create brand awareness. There are different ways for artists to promote themselves or get promoted to increase brand awareness. Record labels are used to share and distribute music in record shops and on the Web, artist agencies are used to handle and arrange event bookings, and artists themselves can promote themselves in their network. Because of the importance of word-of-mouth marketing to promote artists and music in the dance music industry, and the emergence of internet, artists should look for new ways and possibilities to share, promote, and distribute music through the Web. Viral marketing is a marketing tool that creates word-of-mouth through the internet. Therefore, this thesis will focus on the concept of viral marketing and whether it can be used to increase brand awareness in the dance music industry or not. The goal of viral marketing is to use consumer-to-consumer (or peer-to-peer) communications-as opposed to company-to-consumer communications-to disseminate information about a product or service, thereby leading to more rapid and cost effective adoption by the market. With viral marketing, consumers become promoters of the brand and spread the word to their friends. This thesis will explain the effects of viral marketing on the creation of brand awareness, which will consequently lead to brand image. This study refers to the first phase of the awareness process. 1.2 The problem statement Critics find the availability of free online music as life-threatening, while others think the new music industry will benefit from digitization and globalization in other ways. Describing how artists can benefit from the digitization and globalization of the music industry by creating brand awareness and brand equity through viral marketing is the main goal of this thesis, leading to the formulation of the following problem statement: To what extent does viral marketing create artist brand awareness, and thereby result in an increase of brand equity in the dance music industry? 1.3 Research Questions In order to be able to give an accurate answer to this problem statement, a set of research questions needs to be formulated to get a clear understanding of its context and implementation. The research questions are: What are brand awareness and brand equity and what is their relation? What is viral marketing and is it effective? What is the relation between viral marketing and brand awareness? What is the purpose of using viral marketing to create brand equity in the dance music industry? What is the effect of viral marketing on brand equity in this case? 1.4 Conceptual model Brand image Brand awareness Viral marketing Brand loyalty Brand equity in the dance music industry 1.5 Relevance Academic relevance There are several generally accepted theories about brand equity (Aaker, 1991; Keller, 1993; etc.). Despite the age of these theories, they are still widely used in research these days. Brand equity is defined in terms of the marketing effects uniquely attributable to the brand (Keller, 1993). Aaker explains the dimensions of brand equity, but his and other theories fail to explain direct causes of brand equity. A comparison between Aaker and Keller will explain the importance of brand awareness in its relation to brand equity. This study develops a new framework based on those existing theories with new practical insights developed for the dance music industry. Research and theories in this area are outdated and need to be revised to be applicable on this case. The focus of this thesis will be on brand awareness, because of its importance in the dance music industry as explained before. Brand equity occurs when the consumer is aware of the brand (Keller, 1993). Therefore, brand awar eness is of great importance in the creation of brand equity it is defined as the first phase of brand equity in this study. Other dimensions of brand equity, like brand loyalty or perceived quality, are established, once consumers are aware of the brand. This thesis does not focus on the effects of brand equity, but only looks at the first phase; brand awareness. This will be applied to the dance music industry, thereby resulting in a deeper insight and understanding on the importance of brand awareness related to the creation of brand equity. This thesis will focus on a relatively new phenomenon of word-of-mouth through the web: viral marketing. Viral marketing has been studied intensively the last years, but little is known about the effectiveness of viral marketing and whether it influences consumers actual behaviours (De Bruyn Lilien, 2008). This study will provide a better understanding of the effectiveness of viral marketing on brand awareness and brand equity, which will explain whether viral marketing is a useful method to use to create brand awareness, resulting in brand equity. Marketing theories about (customer-based) brand equity and viral marketing are used as a theoretical reference point when the artist branding practises are being evaluated and interpreted. Managerial relevance There is much uncertainty and indifference toward the new digital music industry. The visible disadvantages of the consequences (decrease in sales of music) are easier to measure than the indirect advantages of the consequences (exposure, acquaintance, distribution convenience). Internet increased the convenience of sharing music. However, artists themselves find it difficult to share their music effectively, because competition has increased significantly. Internet allows new artists to provide consumers with unprecedented amounts of song samples. This resulted in an enormous increase in music choice. As a consequence, new artists face tough competition in their efforts to get adequate attention on the internet (Crawford, 2001). Creating and managing a real brand is important for an artist to become successful. Because of the increase in importance of the artist brand, artists should understand brand management practices. Consumers should be made aware of the existence of the artist, and therefore brand awareness is very important. Artists and record labels increasingly try to promote themselves via social media, because it is a free and easy way to reach a large amount of people in a short period of time. But little is known about the effects of viral marketing. The effects of viral marketing on brand awareness will be studied in this thesis, in order to provide artists and record labels with a useful and effective tool to increase their brand equity. 1.6 Thesis structure The second chapter will explain of the terms brand awareness and brand equity in the dance music industry. In the third chapter a description of the term viral marketing will be given along with the effects of viral marketing. The interrelationships between the different variables will be explained in the fourth chapter. First the relation between brand awareness and brand equity will be explained and then the relation between viral marketing and brand awareness will be explained. The final chapter will contain the conclusions from the study including a discussion and suggestions will be given for further research. Chapter 2: Brand awareness and brand equity This chapter will shortly explain the terms brand awareness and brand equity. First, existing theories about brand equity and brand awareness are described and explained in order to build a theoretical background for this study. Then, the relation between brand awareness and brand equity will be described. 2.1 What is brand equity? Brand equity is a widely used marketing concept and there are numerous definitions for brand equity. In a general sense, brand equity is defined in terms of the marketing effects uniquely attributable to the brand for example, when certain outcomes result from the marketing of a product or service because of its brand name that would not occur if the same product or service did not have that name (Keller, 1993). Keller (2008) showed and explained the process of building strong brands in his Customer Based Brand Equity model. He focuses on brand-added value which he defines as the differential effect that consumers brand knowledge has on their response to the marketing of that brand. The process consists of the following dimensions: brand salience, brand performance, brand imagery, consumer judgement, consumer feelings and brand resonance. Aaker (1991) defines brand equity as a set of brand assets and liabilities linked to a brand its name and symbols that add to or subtract from t he value provided by a product or service to a firm and/or to that firms customers. Aaker identifies five assets; brand awareness, perceived quality, brand loyalty, brand association, and other proprietary brand assets. Keller explains brand equity as a customer-based process consisting of several steps which are related, while Aaker explains brand equity as set of brand dimensions without making a distinction between a firm and its customers. This thesis defines brand equity as the difference in success between an established artist and a similar unknown artist in the dance music industry. Figure 2 visualises the brand equity process in the dance music industry. It combines Kellers conceptual framework of customer-based brand equity and Aakers theory of brand equity to develop a new framework which explains the process of building brand equity. Figure 2. Brand equity in the dance music industry Brand loyalty Brand awareness Brand image According to Keller (1993), Customer-based brand equity occurs when the consumer is aware of the brand and holds some favourable, strong, and unique brand associations in memory. The different types of customer-based brand equity are discussed by considering the effects of these dimensions of brand knowledge on brand loyalty and consumer response to product, price, promotion, and distribution strategies. The focus of this thesis will therefore be on brand awareness, and how to create brand awareness, because it is of great importance in the creation of brand equity it is the first phase in the creation process of customer-based brand equity in this study. Brand image, brand loyalty and other dimensions of brand equity occur once brand awareness is established. This process is in line with Stalpers findings (2011); brand equity includes brand awareness and brand image, which subsequently could lead to popularity and brand loyalty. The relation between brand awareness and brand equity will be explained in paragraph 2.3 and a method used to create brand awareness will be explained in chapter 3. 2.2 What is brand awareness? Brand awareness measures consumers knowledge of a brands existence. It refers to the proportion of consumers who know or recognize the  brand (Keller, 2001). A brand can increase the demand for a product in several ways. Brand awareness makes it easier for consumers to identify products with the well-known brand names  (Mary W.Sullivan, 1998). Therefore, brands provide information by increasing awareness and serving as a proxy for quality. According to Keller (1993), brand awareness plays an important role in consumer decision making. One reason Keller mentions, is that brand awareness can affect decisions about brands in the consideration set, even if there are essentially no other brand associations. Consumers tend to prefer familiar, well-established brands. A minimum level of brand awareness may be sufficient for product choice, even in the absence of a well-formed attitude (Bettman and Park 1980; Hoyer and Brown 1990; Park and Lessig 1981). In this thesis, artist brand awareness refers to the extent that a consumer knows or recognizes an artist. Chapter 4 will explain why brand awareness is of great importance in the dance music industry. 2.3 Brand awareness and brand equity In contrary to other theories about brand equity, this thesis only focuses on the relation between brand awareness and brand equity. As explained before in previous paragraphs, brand equity occurs when the consumer is aware of the brand (Keller, 1993). Once brand awareness and thus brand equity is established, we can look at the effects of the dimensions of brand equity on brand loyalty and consumer response to different strategies. According to Keller (1993), high levels of brand awareness and a positive brand image should increase the probability of brand choice, as well as produce greater consumer (and retailer) loyalty and decrease vulnerability to competitive marketing actions. Chapter 3: Viral marketing The phenomenon viral marketing will be explained in this chapter. The goal of this chapter is to get a better understanding of viral marketing and its effectiveness. Advantages and disadvantages will be explained. The final paragraph will explain how viral marketing can be used to create brand awareness. 3.1 What is viral marketing? Marketers are looking for new ways of communicating with customers and creating a dialogue with customers. The growth and evolution of the internet has led to the creation of a new format of word-of-mouth; viral marketing through new media. It is the online version of word-of-mouth or so-called network marketing. The goal of viral marketing is to use consumer-to-consumer (or peer-to-peer) communications-as opposed to company-to-consumer communications-to disseminate information about a product or service, thereby leading to more rapid and cost effective adoption by the market (Krishnamurthy, 2001). Viral marketing and its offline counterpart word-of-mouth differ in two ways (De Bruyn Lilien, 2008).: Viral marketing practices are electronic by nature; there is no face-to-face communication. Viral marketing referrals are usually unsolicited, that is, they are sent to recipients who are not looking for information, and hence are not necessarily willing to pay attention to them. According to the same authors, Viral marketing occurs when consumers willingly become promoters of a product or service and spread the words to their friends; they are driven to do so either through an explicit incentive (e.g., financial incentives, need to create network externalities) or simply out of a desire to share the product benefits with friends (e.g., fun, intriguing, valuable for others). Viral marketing utilizes multiple new media channels such as Facebook, YouTube, Google, and Twitter, which enable customers to take a more active role as market players and reach (and be reached by) almost everyone, anywhere, and anytime. These new media threaten long established business models and corporate strategies, but also provide ample opportunities for growth through new adaptive strategies (Hennig-Thurau et. Al, 2010). Social media is essentially a new form of virtual word-of-mouth marketing. It is harnessing different social media networks. Viral marketing is a marketing strategy that creates a buzz around a product/service. It essentially acts like a virus, exploding the message to the masses, which can be used among all types of media, including social media. 3.2 What are disadvantages of viral marketing? From the last paragraph, it can be concluded that viral marketing works extremely rapid and the transmission of the marketing message is comparatively inexpensive. This all sounds promising, but marketers need to be aware of potential risks connected to viral marketing. Viral marketing is a relatively new phenomenon and the effects are difficult to measure (De Bruyn Lilien, 2008). The next paragraph will explain the effectiveness of viral marketing. According to Wuyts et Al (2010), a viral marketing campaign relies entirely on consumers to spread it, which makes it impossible for marketers to further control this process once the message spreads over the Web as a virus. In addition, consumers can edit a message once they will forward it to their peers, which makes it difficult to control the content of the message itself. Furthermore, consumers that unwillingly receive messages could consider such messages as spam, which may damage a brand. Finally, a marketer cannot control a campaigns timing (Welker, 2002). Control can thus be seen as the most important and challenging factor of a viral marketing campaign in order to maintain a good relationship with consumers. 3.3 Is viral marketing effective? Previous examples of successful viral marketing campaigns indicate that viral marketing could be effective. The most famous viral marketing campaign that put viral marketing on the map was the campaign by Hotmail in 1996. It helped Hotmail become the leading personal web-based email service provider. Hotmail users forwarded messages with a small endnote: P.S. Get your free email at Hotmail. With this campaign, Hotmail recruited 12 million subscribers in 18 months with a marketing budget of only $500 000 (Kirby and Marsen, 2006). As stated in previous paragraphs, it is important for marketers to understand the process and pitfalls of viral marketing in order to create a successful viral marketing campaign. De Bruyn Lilien (2008) support this statement: To better understand why and how viral marketing can be effective, we must understand its pass-along process and its underlying mechanisms of influence. The same authors say that by leveraging the power of interpersonal networks to promote a product or service, viral marketing campaigns are an effective means to transform communication networks into influence networks capturing recipients attention, triggering interest, and eventually leading to adoption or sales. But not all social networks are equally effective. It seems that networks of friends (as opposed to networks of professionals or colleagues) are more suited to the rapid and effective diffusion of peer-to-peer online referrals. 3.4 Viral marketing and brand awareness Viral marketing through new media is a relatively new phenomenon. As explained in the previous paragraph, viral marketing is considered as an effective tool to transform (electronic) communication networks into influence networks. In order to explain the relation between viral marketing and brand awareness, the marketing objectives of viral marketing should be explained first. Viral marketing through new media on the Internet is used to increase brand awareness or achieve other marketing objectives (such as product sales) and to create market share in a short period of time on a shoestring promotion budget (Krishnamurthy, 2001). De Bruyn Lilien (2008) developed a multi-stage model of word-of-mouth influence through viral marketing, which includes the following stages: Awareness:  The consumer knows the alternative exists, but may not have either interest in it or sufficient information to understand its possible benefits. Interest. The consumer is aware, develops some interest, and hence decides to learn more about the product. Final decision. The consumer has now taken an observable action, a purchase of a good or service or the sustained adoption of an innovation. As discussed before, viral marketing has some pitfalls. But what is this relation with brand awareness? Once the message is spread over the Web, it is impossible for a marketer to control this process and influencing what and how the message will be spread. This could lead to negative publicity. But does this harm a brand? Although popular wisdom suggests that any publicity is good publicity, prior research has demonstrated only downsides to negative press. However, according to a study by Berger et Al (2010) negative publicity could lead to positive outcomes. They argue that negative publicity can increase purchase likelihood and sales by increasing product awareness. This means that the old wisdom could be true in terms of creating awareness: any publicity is good publicity. Chapter 4: Interrelationship between variables Chapter 4 will apply all the previously described relations on the dance music industry. A more practical insight will be given about the meaning of brand awareness, brand equity and viral marketing within the dance music industry. The first paragraph will focus on brand awareness and brand equity. The final paragraph will explain how viral marketing can be applied in the dance music industry. 4.1 Brand awareness and brand equity in the dance music industry Brand equity includes awareness and image of a brand, which consequently could lead to a certain level of popularity and brand loyalty. Products and services with a strong brand are expected to comprise a higher quality. When an established artist with a strong brand releases a new song, consumers will expect high quality based on the experience that they have with that particular artist. As a consequence, consumers perceive less risk, and brand loyalty will be higher, which will make them less price sensitive. Furthermore, established, popular artists are able to charge more for their gigs (shows), because of their strong brand (Stalpers, 2011). Understanding how to reach high levels of brand equity by creating a strong brand is therefore important for artists to become successful. Especially in the dance music industry, brand awareness is important, because in general consumers will particularly listen to music from artists they know or recognize. Because of the enormous availability and supply of online dance music, consumers will filter music based on different aspects like genre or recognition. To create brand awareness, artists should understand brand practices to know how to position themselves in the market as a brand. The individual artist brand is important in order to successfully gain competitive advantage in the dance music industry, because established artists, like established brands, have name recognition, and have developed a certain image, and, furthermore, are associated with particular type of products (Levin et al, 1997). The presence of a recognized artist signals quality to the prospective consumer much as a trusted brand name implies quality in a product. 4.2 Viral marketing in the dance music industry As stated before, networking plays a large role in the dance music industry, especially compared to the general (mainstream) music industry. This is due to the fact that DJs in the dance music industry do not only play their own music, but also others work. A rock band, for example, only performs its own songs, but a DJ in the electronic dance music industry plays songs from several artists. They discover new music by sharing music with their colleagues and friends. Therefore networking and word-of-mouth is very important in this particular industry. As explained before, viral marketing occurs when consumers willingly become promoters of an artist and spread the words to their friends; they are driven to do so either through an explicit incentive (e.g., financial incentives, need to create network externalities) or simply out of a desire to share the product benefits with friends (e.g., fun, intriguing, valuable for others). Especially the last incentive (desire) would be an applicable incentive for consumers to share music. Also record labels can benefit from viral marketing, because they can guide artists to create a successful viral marketing campaign. The internet made it difficult for new artists to get adequate attention. These new artists can turn to record labels, which can assist them in getting attention through intense marketing efforts. Record labels can also facilitate the music creation and distribution process for these new artists (Crawford, 2001). Viral marketing is useful for artists because it is inexpensive and fast, as explained before. Welker (2002) confirms this statement: Obviously the call for cost reduction in marketing communication makes it necessary to consider viral strategies which are a new interpretation of the good old word-of-mouth-paradigm (Welker, 2002). The main goal for new artists is to create awareness. As concluded in paragraph 3.4; any publicity is good publicity to create awareness. Does this also apply to new, unknown artists in the dance music industry? According to the study by Berger et Al (2010), negative publicity should have differential effects on established versus unknown products. They found out that negative reviews hurt the sales of books, in this case, by well known authors, but it increased sales of books that had lower prior awareness. This confirms the statement that any publicity, whether positive or negative, increases or creates awareness. For a new artist it means that the main downside of viral marketing, namely control of the message, does not apply, because what and how the message will be spread is not important, the fact that it is spread is what counts. Chapter 5: Conclusion, discussion and recommendation This chapter will summarize the findings, discuss limitations and implications, and make recommendations for future research. The first paragraph will start with a short, but clear, answer on the problem statement, following by a more extensive conclusion. 5.1.1 Problem Statement The problem statement of this paper is formulated as follows: To what extent does

Sex Discrimination Is Non-Existentin the Workplace in Hong Kong

Introduction: Hong Kong, known as†Pearl of the Orient† which enjoys the freedom of speech, the freedom of economy and the finest legal system. However, discrimination is everywhere. It is because people are not equally. It would always be inequality among people referring to physical and mental processes. Of course the two sexes are not equal, so that sex discrimination is always an issue in a society, especially in workplace. Background:It is a matter of fact that a employer will base on their education background, belief, own interest and preference to hire the staffs and even for the promotion, benefits, bonus. And women have the traditionally and historically been subjected to legal discrimination form their gender. Some of this mind set still on cultural stereotypes that treats women primarity in the roles of wives and mothers. Futher women have been bench-marked as the â€Å"weaker sex† than male which might need protection from the third party.Such beliefs w ere used in the job market, both in public and private sector. The situation In the past practice of government, for example, Anson Chan(Post Chief Secretary for Administration) had employed with a lower salary than male civil servant in the same position. It is because she is not a man and did not count on her ability to work. The other example is Bank of China group did not ever have a female as a CEO position which also is another kind of in-direct sex discrimination. Form Hong Kong already had Sex Discrimination Ordinance which passed in 1995.Discrimination on the basis of sex, marital status and pregnancy and sexual harassment are make to unlawful under this legal law. According to SDO which both is protecting of men and women. However, There is a law does not mean that sex discrimination is non-extistent. Employers still can get full control of the employment because they will not disclose the truth to the candidates due to the gender issue, like the secretary post is always a woman. In fact, the other kind of in-direct discrimination because some think woman will soon leave the osition to a house-wives or woman will get pregnancy, so that some of employers are not willing to promote a female as a top management to save the parental leave. The other common Sex discrimination is sexual harassment in workplace. Sexual harassment  is  intimidation,  bullying  or  coercion  of a sexual nature, or the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. Surely sexual harassment is illegal. Harassment can include â€Å"sexual harassment† or unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature.In many listed companies, most of staffs are male and always claim that woman is even cheap or criticize woman who is not wise enough.. In my workplace often would happen such issue. I have heard my boss said† Secretary should be a virgin† and I will make a promotion or raise salary only base on her appearance and good shape of body. This is a sexual harassment cannot easily valid. The other example is a Legislative  Councillor Mr Kam Nai Wai was suspected sexual harassment to a female assistant and also had fired her eventually. And this case even cannot make a charge at first stage.So that a lot of things cannot be protected by law. Limitations Sex discrimination not only will affect the economic growth but also will harm the organization image. First, human capital is a key source of a company if cannot let the capable people to the right position that would decrease the human capital. Corporate image also is another huge resource that goodwill can make the brand name growth. It is remind that enterprises do not under-estimate the consequence of sex discrimination because once involves on a lawsuit can be a huge loss.Recommendation Sex discrimination should be a key issue of an organization and should imply to all work force to ob ey. Many of organizations can gain form avoiding sex discrimination, like some international business, HSBC, Cheung Kong Holdings Limited It will definitely increase the productively and should put a effort like training program and re-enforcement on daily operation. Information form Hong Kong Labour department, there is still uneven distribution on job nature and income of male and female in 2010 as below: Leading Occupations for Women, in 2010 | |Occupation |Total Employed (Men and Women)|Percent Women |Ratio of Women's Earnings to Men's | | | | |Earnings | |source:  HK. Labor department, Women's Bureau, 20 Leading Occupations of Employed Women, 2010 | |Managers and administrators |8,018 |31. 0 |65. | |Secretaries |2,404 |98. 9 |N. A. | |Cashiers |2,974 |77. 9 |89. 4 | |Registered nurses |2,162 |93. 1 |88. 9 | |Sales supervisors and proprietors |4,836 |43. 3 |71. 5 | |Nursing aides, orderlies, and |2,081 |91. |90. 1 | |attendants | | | | |Elementary school teachers |2,216 |82. 5 |94. 9 | |Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing |1,621 |932 |93. 7 | |clerks | | | | ConclusionAlthough there is a big improvement in female employment, some of industries still focus in male or female work force only. Towards to Twenty-one century, there should be more and more equal job opportunities to both gender and also need to decrease the chance of sex harassment. Finally, people in Hong Kong will gain form the revolution. Bibliography Why market don’t stop discrimination by Cass R Sunstein HK Labour department information 2010 by GOVHK Sex discrimination ordinance by Equal Opportunities Commission Sex harassment by Wikipedia Total word(1050 words)

Life After Discursive Essay Topics List

Life After Discursive Essay Topics List Now, decent luck with your discursive essay paper, you may have understood every part of the essay paper. For this reason, you are most welcome to use the essay the manner in which you desire. Initially, you'll need to contemplate the structure of your essay. Well, until now, you need to have an awareness of the way to compose a discursive essay. Since essays are a rather significant part the academic life, it is vital to present very high-quality papers. Just as with any other kind of essays, a discursive essay has three primary pieces. There are a lot of things to be considered before writing a discursive essay. Preparing an excellent discursive essay is among the trickiest assignments students may get. Nevertheless, your discursive writing does not need to be completely neutral. Before you commence writing an essay, you must decide your bank or construct your opinion. Examine the sample essay to determine how the writer waits until the conclusion to present his private reaction. Writing it will not be any different that writing any other type of essay. Our writers conduct a comprehensive research into concepts to create credible content in each of their articles. Our minds create artificial barriers which do not exist in the actual word. Remember tokeep your ideas related to your principal claim. You will quickly observe that getting expert discursive essay help is an expensive endeavor. The Key to Successful Discursive Essay Topics List Anargumentative essay includes a string of arguments in which you providespecific evidence to back up your claim or request. A superb conclusion is dependent on your capacity to summarise your already stated points, interestingly. The t hesis generally is composed of 3 parts, like the 3 important parts of evidence which support your argument. Getting the Best Discursive Essay Topics List For instance, the voice expressed in the essay needs to be calm and the tone ought to be as balanced as possible. If you wish to find proofs, discursive essay gay marriage we are glad to oblige. Discursive essays frequently have transitional wording leading in the next paragraph. Cause and effect essays are a typical kind of paper that you might be requested to write for one of your classes. Argumentative essays follow an overall format. Thus, you are going to be in a position to compose the introduction accurately. Begin with a hook statement The introduction must seize the interest of the readers, so they read the entire essay. Discursive writing can be rather a handful to write. You can begin with some general info and move forward to more specific details. You've got to write about what is going to be the structure of your essay and in which order the info is going to be presented. A useful mnemonic device for discussion essays When you're getting ready for a test, it is beneficial to use mnemonic devices. Choosing Discursive Essay Topics List Is Simple Discursive writing is a sort of formal writing that discusses a particular topic. An excellent discussion essay must incorporate a comprehensive discussion of either side of the topic. If you pick a topic that has clear majority there is not any point writing about it. When it has to do with writing one, y ou wish to make sure that you select a topic you will be passionate about or objective about. Test whether you are able to think of two ideas in favour of the subject, and two distinct ideas against it. Below is an extensive collection of 50 ideas for discursive essays that it is possible to refer to any moment. Learning from examples is among the perfect ways in regards to writing articles. It can be quite hard to compose a cause and effect paper on a huge topic you don't have first hand knowledge of, as it isn't going to be easy to gather enough evidence to reveal your reader how one thing caused the other. So it is sometimes a fantastic idea to pick out a topic that you understand well and that you've got personal evidence for. You might also start by raising an intriguing question. Usually, you're expected to present your views on this issue in a balanced way after taking consideration of all of the factors, which include for and against. What's Actually Happening with Discursive Essay Topics List Some men and women feel the aim ought to be to reform prisoners t o permit them to return and reintegrate into society. Thus, the world should quit contemplating the economy and the expenses of nuclear disarmament. The majority of the topics involve two opinions, i.e. both the advantages and disadvantages of a specific situation. A child who's continuously exposed to a violent environment will gradually become violent.

Rape An Emotionless, Factual Approach Essay - 1674 Words

Rape: An Emotionless, Factual Approach Why are women raped far more often than men? In â€Å"Sex Crimes I: Rape and Sexual Assault†, the author, Laurence Miller, explores the characteristics of male rapists and theories of their motives. Miller analyzes each theory in depth to try and discover exactly why sexual assault is so special. He arrives at his thesis: sexual assault is special because it affects mainly women, dehumanizes an otherwise intimate act of life, and is intriguing by human nature. Specifically, Miller explores why sexual assault has mainly male perpetrators. He determines there is no set reason for why men rape more often, but the theories give insight to what is going on inside their heads. Still, Miller critiques the nature-based theories (evolutionary) more than the nurture-based theories (societal influences), implying nurture of men is more to blame for why they become rapists. To persuade his readers, Miller uses logos, ethos, and pathos; some more eff ectively than others. In order to achieve the strongest message, a balance of the three must be used. Miller has exceptional credentials and a multitude of sources, appealing to ethos. He also strongly appeals to logos by including statistics and by writing consistently, but his appeal to pathos was weak due to missed opportunities to convey emotional impact and visual examples. Miller’s appeal to ethos proved his work is beyond credible. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Writing presents ethos as â€Å"the

The Role Of Indian Government Goals Achieved Till Date And...

Rural Development: An Overview of The Role of Indian Government, Goals Achieved Till Date and Goals That Are Yet to Achieve. Recently, rural advancement has expected worldwide consideration particularly among the developing countries. It has incredible essentialness for a nation like India where dominant part of the populace, around 65 per cent of the individuals, lives in rural or provincial areas. According to the Census of India 2001, out of 1,025 million population, about 77 per cent of the labour force lives in rural areas . Out of the total workforce about 58.5 per cent are engaged in agriculture alone. In such a situation, unless the rural economy is made vibrant in terms of employment, issues of poverty and human development would remain unaddressed. The present procedure of rural advancement in India primarily concentrates on poverty alleviation, better livelihood opportunities, provision of basic amenities, infrastructure facilities and foundation offices through creative projects of pay and independent work. Rural Development in India is a standout amongst the most imperative variables for the d evelopment of the Indian economy. India is fundamentally an agribusiness based nation. Agriculture contributes nearly one-fifth of the gross domestic product in India . In order to increase the growth of agriculture, the Government has planned several programs pertaining to Rural Development in India. So as to build the development of farming, infrastructural amenities,Show MoreRelatedCase Analysis : Escorts Agri Machinery1300 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' Introduction: To achieve goals, understanding of organizational competencies is very crucial for strategy formation. Competency provide differentiated advantage over competitors. 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Allergies and other type of immune hypersensitivities Free Essays

Allergies and other type of immune hypersensitivities are important undesirable side effect of our immune system. These problems occur in people who have a specific allergic tendency. Anyone suffering from allergy can take comfort that there are over 50 million fellow American sufferers of this problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Allergies and other type of immune hypersensitivities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Roughly one in 6 American is afflicted with allergic problem. Fortunately, in very few people allergic condition can become life threatening. In most allergy sufferers problems due to allergy appear to be trivial such as runny nose, sneezing, itchy eyes, sinus problem, rash and skin complaints but these otherwise minor problems can make the allergy sufferers lives quite miserable. Our immune system, essential for defending our bodies against foreign organisms, produces antibodies and activated white cells to attack invaders like viruses and bacteria. Occasionally, the immune response results in an inappropriate or exaggerated reaction called hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity is classified into four types; Types I, II, III and IV. Types I to Type III hypersensitivities are antibody-mediated while Type IV is a cell mediated hypersensitivity. Type II III are Immunoglobulin G (IgG) mediated while Type I sensitivity is Immunoglobulin E mediated. The term ‘Allergy’ is confined to IgE mediated reactions or Type I hypersensitivity [Levinson, 2004] . Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is our body’s host defense system against certain parasites such as worms. In developed countries, where parasitic infection is uncommon, most people have no or very low level of IgE. An allergic reaction or allergy occurs when our body’s immune system mistakenly considers a harmless substance, called ‘allergen’ as dangerous and starts producing IgE to trigger an allergic reaction [Levinson, 2004]. Types of Allergies Allergic Rhinitis: This type of allergy causes swelling of nasal mucosa with respiratory discomforts like sneezing and runny nose by inhaling allergens such as pollen, molds, dust, dander and other allergens. Allergic Conjunctivitis: The allergic reaction affects the eyes, redness and itching are the signs of this allergy. Bronchoconstriction: Wheezing and shortness of breath caused by narrowing of bronchial cavities. Asthma is a serious type of bronchoconstriction. This type of allergy is also caused dust, pollen, mites, and other allergens. Ear Allergies: The allergens affect ear passages causing pain and impairing hearing. Skin Allergies: Itchy rashes, blisters, hives, and contact dermatitis caused by touching certain substances such a poison ivy or food items are manifestation of this type of allergy. In allergies where swelling occurs as a result of hives, swelling can cause breathing and swallowing difficulties. Food Allergies: Certain kind of foods, such as fish egg, nuts and milk can cause intestinal upsets due to allergic reactions. Time Delayed Allergies: An allergic response appearing hours or days after application or absorption of an allergen; including contact dermatitis and bacterial allergy [Allergies, 2006] Anaphylaxis: This is the most severe systemic allergic reaction causing bronchoconstriction, swelling of body tissues, vomiting, cramps, skin reactions and drop in blood pressure, coma and even death [Guyton Hall, 2006]. Allergy can also be classified on the basis of its effect and allergen as: ? Respiratory Allergies ? Skin Allergies ? Food Allergies ? Asthma ? Drug Allergies ? Sting Allergies Causes Risk Factors Problems with normal immune responses are believed to be the result of both genetic and environmental factors. Children of allergic parents are more likely to have similar allergies though the allergens may differ. [Allergies, 2006] Genetic research is leading scientists to believe that skin and tissue specific genes may be responsible for causing allergy symptoms [NIH, 2000]. Stress and anxiety are acknowledged a common cause of allergic reaction. [Lenzoff, 1997] subjected patients suspected of multiple chemical sensitivities concluded that in some sufferers allergy symptoms might be triggered by their perception of an environmental insult. Increasing use of chemicals has resulted in introduction of new toxins into the atmosphere. The increase in number of allergy cases during the last decades is often attributed to atmospheric pollution [Bornehag et al, 2004]. Better identification of problem as allergy and not other minor condition such as cold is perhaps also responsible for increased numbers. Allergy or Cold A number of symptoms of common cold are also the symptoms of allergy. It is not unusual to mistake one for the other. The major difference between the cold and flu are [Allergy, 2006b]: – Both cold and allergy show the common symptoms of allergy but the cold is also accompanied by fever and pain. – Allergy begins immediately after exposure to the allergen while cold takes a day or more to develop to full strength. – Cold is a self terminating diseases and the symptoms disappear in 3 to 7 days while allergies continue till the person remains exposed to the allergen Allergens The body’s immune system has the capability to attack a foreign organism. If it identifies a substance such as pollen as foreign, even mistakenly, the defense mechanism comes into action and IgE is produced to fight off that particular substance. Thus, there will be separate IgE for pollen and for dust allergies. There are many allergens as any person could be allergic to a common substance, which is not an allergen to others, but the common allergens include pollen and fungus from weeds, grasses. Trees and outdoor mold, dog and cat dander, dust particles, noxious vapors and smog, foods such as fish, eggs, nuts and insect bites. Signs Symptoms In addition to the usual sneezing, runny nose, rashes allergy and red or itchy eyes symptoms include atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, headache, earache, hives, coughing, sinusitis, and other discussed above. Medical Tests Diagnosis Methods/Tools The diagnostic tests for Allergy include: †¢ Skin Prick Test (SPT) †¢ Total IgE Test †¢ Range of Specific IgE Test †¢ Phadiatop Assay †¢ Specific IgE Pediatric Food Mix fx5 Skin Prick Test: Skin prick test is a common and simple method of diagnosing allergy. In this test small amount of suspected allergens are injected either intra-dermally or into the scratching made in the patient’s skin. Patient allergic to any of the allergen shows a visible inflammation after half an hour. Skin Prick Test (SPT) only responds to allergens used in the test. In cases where patient is allergic to any other allergen, this test will not show. Some patients with delayed type hypersensitivity may be adversely affected by the test. Total IgE Test: Patient serum IgE test is another method used for determining Type I hypersensitivity. The test provides useful indication for allergy. This test however is not considered conclusive. The test measures total IgE value and is said to be only to report existence of allergy 60% of the time [Labspec, 2006]. The extent of symptoms and type of allergy has an effect on the result. Severe skin allergy shows a higher IgE value than rhinitis or conjunctivitis. [Labspec, 2006] also point out that Standard IgE values appear to vary with ethnicity of the patient. Range of Specific IgE Test: Some diagnostic suppliers are manufacturing specific IgE test for allergens. Specific tests for over 400 allergens are available. Some of these specific tests have been approved for routine tests, other are awaiting approval. [Labspec, 2006] Phadiatop Assay: Instead of testing total IgE or specific test for a single allergen, this test tests serum for a wide range of inhalant allergens. The test is said to be 95% reliable and can be used to exclude allergens included in Phadiatop assay. Specific IgE Pediatric Food Mix fx5 His test is similar to Phadiatop Assay, but instead of inhalant allergens, ingestant allergens are tested. This test is still in approval stages for general laboratory use. Treatment Options Many people with mild allergies avoid seeking medical help, but it is important to know that allergies if left untreated can develop into serious health problems like infections in sinuses, throat and ears, chronic respiratory problems, skin problems such as eczema. The treatment Options for allergies include: †¢ Avoid allergen environment and/or food †¢ Over the counter medication (histamines) †¢ Prescription drugs nasal drops, †¢ Allergy shots †¢ Allergy Drops †¢ Immunotherapy †¢ Alternate Therapies Once a person knows the substance that causes allergy, the best treatment is to avoid that substance. However avoiding allergen is not always possible as it is not possible to breathe. Food allergens can be easily avoided [When Should I Get Medical Treatment for Allergy, 2006] . In a very large number of cases of mild allergy over the counter medication is all one needs to relieve the symptoms. It is important to consult a doctor for over the counter medicine too, as some of these medicines if used excessively can cause serious side effects. Most of the histamines cause drowsiness. Antihistamines and decongestants relieve the symptoms of most allergy sufferers. Again, a physician’s advice should be sought. Many new antihistamines relieve the symptoms of allergy without causing drowsiness. In sinus congestion, nasal sprays available on prescription provide quick relief from symptoms of allergy. Allergy shots prevent the allergen from being recognized as a foreign body. This treatment is becoming very popular. Sublingual drops also known as sublingual Immunotherapy (SLIT) is an alternate to allergy shots and has the same principle of desensitization. Oral application of SLIT is also considered convenient by the patients. Those interested in alternative medicine often recommend several alternate therapies. Dietary supplements are said to increase health of immune system and prevent allergies. The other alternative medicines are beyond the scope of this paper. [Allergies, 2006a] provides several references to alternative treatment websites. Anaphylaxis must be considered a medical emergency and immediate medical help must be sought as it can cause low blood pressure, hyper-constriction, coma and even death. Prevention Methods The best prevention is to avoid the allergen responsible for causing the allergy. Cross the counter medicine approved by a patients physician may also be used before coming into contact with allergens. In view of the number of sufferers, various equipments such as vacuum cleaners, humidifiers, beddings and air purifiers are available in the market to control domestic allergens. A physician may be able to advice about prevention methods about other specific allergies. Bibliography 1. Allergies, (2006a), Alternative Allergy Treatment Options, [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://allergies. about. com/od/alternatives/Alternative_Allergy_Treatment_Options. htm 2. Allergies, (2006b), [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://www. med-help. net/Allergies. html 3. Allergy, (2006), What is Allergy, [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://www. setel. com/~allergy/Products/allergy 4. Bornehag C, Sundell J, Weschler C, Sigsgaard T, Lundgren B, Hasselgren M, Hagerhed-Engman L (2004). â€Å"The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust: a nested case-control study. † Environ Health Perspective 112 (14): 1393-7. 5. Guyton, AC, and Hall, JE, (2006), Textbook of Medical Physiology-11th Edition, Published by Elsevier, Pa. , ISBN 13-81-8147-920-3 6. LabSpec, Allergy Diagnostic Tests, (2006) [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://www. labspec. co. za/diag. htm 7. Levinson, W. , (2004), Medical Microbiology Immunology, 8th Edition, McGraw Hill Companies, ISBN 0-07-143199-3 8. Leznoff. A. , (1999), Provocative challenges in patients with multiple chemical sensitivity, J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997 Apr; 99 (4):438-42 9. NIH- National Institute of Health/ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), (2000), International Team Accelerates Investigation of Immune-Related Genes, [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://www3. niaid. nih. gov/news/newsreleases/2000/ihwg. htm 10. When Should I Get Medical Treatment for Allergies? , (2006) [Online], retrieved from Internet on 10 January 2007, http://health. howstuffworks. com/allergy-treatments-ga1. htm How to cite Allergies and other type of immune hypersensitivities, Papers

Factors Contributing Benefit Realization †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Factors Contributing Benefit Realization? Answer: Introduction Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) can be considered to be one of the most important developments in the area of corporate information system. The related benefits of execution and use of ERP system aid in illustrating the business interest in this type of systems. Majority of the advantages attached to this system arises from the specific structure of the corporation, procedure of work, assimilation of both operational as well as administrative actions, organizational development stemming from worldwide system of standardization of different work practices that is again backed by technology. Executing the ERP technology can be regarded as a considered to be very difficult and at the same time costly process of experiment for the corporation. The execution of ERP can be considered as the worlds largest testing in business alteration for majority of the corporations. Purposes of several corporations were to make an effort towards standardization and homogeneity of corporate informatio n system. Nevertheless, there has been predominance of business requirements that laid down the fundamentals that assists in approaching the related large-scale arrangements. Fundamentally, ERP SAPM can be considered as an important enterprise resource planning (ERP) software that integrates the important business operations of the corporation. Essentially, Germany Corporation builds up the software and this SAP can be regarded as a market leader in delivering enterprise resource arrangement as well as service solutions. As such, the legacy system of the corporation is reinstated by ERP that has now become a factory benchmark of sector. Furthermore, this is perceived by several large corporations both in public and private segments as a specific form of business computation. Umar (2016) asserts that ERPM can be regarded as a global configurable package of system of information that helps in the process of assimilation of functional areas along with information based procedures within a specific corporation. Again, this also helps in seamless integration of all the information flow within corporations by assimilation of information based procedures that ar e both within as well as across several segments in corporations namely, finance, accounting, marketing, manufacturing as well as distribution. Sun et al. (2015) mentions that the small as well medium scale enterprises have ever more implemented the system of ERP that have helped in delivering tailored products and contributed to the overall accomplishment of business Successful execution of the ERP system assists in bringing considerable advantages to the corporation since they have the ability to enhance the productivities as well as efficiencies of the corporation. Nevertheless, execution of ERP SAP also contains certain intricacies and this leads to huge outlay of capital, extended period of execution and proneness to failure (Sharma and Gupta 2014). Essentially, corporations executing the ERP system have the need to systematically analyse the advantages along with the cost related to the entire system. Detailed Discussion: There are humongous number of research papers, journal articles and conference papers related to the process of valuation, selection along with the execution of the system of ERP. Illustration of different advantages of ERP SAP arrangement portrays that this kind of benefits are reported and at the same time advocated by diverse consultants as well as vendors of ERP (Seo 2013). Essentially, evaluation of the performance of ERP arrangement after the process of implementation helps in comprehending the related advantages of the system. Figure: Enterprise solutions value: Source: Ripamonti et al. (2016) As rightly mentioned by Ripamonti et al. (2016), there are essentially three different means or ways that can helpm in attaining the advantages from the execution of the ERP arrangement. This process involves integration of the data, system of information assimilation and the procedures among diverse units of organization and processes of business operations. However, certain fundamental operational advantages of ERP system is decrease in the cycle time as well as cost. Again, various prior studies also suggest that the execution of this kind of system assists in escalating the overall volume of operations, increasing the speed of the process by automation of transactions and substitutions of labour. Ram et al. (2014) suggests that the project based corporations are offered the benefits of lessening the number of errors, duplication and enhancement of the responsiveness to diverse requirements of customers. This in turn helps in the process of retention of customers and thereby leads to enhancement of overall productivity. Certain supplementary advantages offered by the arrangement of SAP ERP also help in reduction of risks of business encountered by corporations. Senior officials along with project managers also helps in management of the business resources in an improved manner by utilizing system capacity of particular built in data evaluation that directly assists in handling and string of data in a specific centralized database. Corporations also attain strategic advantages by execution of this kind of systems and this can be regarded as cost leadership, innovation, grouping and differentiation. In addition to this, the standardized as well as assimilated application design of ERP system also assists in the process of reduction of cost of information technology, ensuring flexibility of business for upcoming as well as present alterations (Nagpal et al. 2015). This also aids in the process of backing the infrastructure and directing towards economic executi on of new applications. Important factors that affect the benefit realisation of SAP ERP Ram et al. (2014) suggests that majority of transnational corporations together with different small as well as medium sized enterprises have started the process of execution of SAP ERP arrangement. All the way through the world, corporations have started to implement the new arrangement of ERP systems also referred to as the SAP. Nevertheless, these corporations also utilize analogous system of ERP and they have the inclination of several benefits as well as values together with the certain disadvantages by detecting facets that direct the way towards improper managing of the system. Certain specific aspects contribute towards the procedures by advantages realising of the SAP ERP arrangement. Despite this fact, there are also numerous benefits of the system that includes substantial capital investment and increased profits of the corporation and execution of ERP system (Nagpal et al. 2015). Certain related downside of this specific system includes increased financial budget, delay i n the process of execution of the system. In essence, ERP can be considered as one of the most popular systems related to management of business that helps in delivering the corporation with numerous benefits of attaining time capabilities and sustaining favourable communication. There are specific factors that help in the process of clarifying specific consideration of corporation for the implementation of the system. The factors necessarily include user training as well as involvement, software design, control of project, maintenance of organizational fit and plan of technology (Kale 2014). Huang and Handfield (2015) mentions that one of the widely utilized and popular systems specified in the literature of benefits management is essentially the Benefits Realization Cranfield Process Model. However, the main component that is used for realization of the benefits of this particular model is the network of beneficiary dependency. Related facets are taken into account in this specific model for the purpose of realization of different benefits. In this case, the structure of model is developed in a specific manner that helps in the process of achievement of goals of investments and advantages ensuing from link in particular structural manners associated to business corporations as per the necessities of business. Figure: Models of realization of benefit: (Source: Hejazi et al. 2014). Effectual realization of advantages of ERP system includes different barriers that can be acquired by utilizing benefit management models (Holub and Bruckner 2016). Again, models consist of different factors that include deficiency of change management, lack of discipline, misplacement of ownership benefits, lack of support, inappropriate utilization of available resources and poor management applications. However, one of the important issues in the process of execution of system of ERP is the intricacies of the entire nature of technology that are encountered together with the homogeny and compatibility. Moreover, there are also specific issues that arise from human resources and this includes resistance of workers towards alteration, culture of corporation, incompatibility of business procedures and management of commitment towards any specific project (Hejazi et al. 2014). Businesses Case for implementation of ERP SAP The business case on implementation of SAP ERP can be assessed with special reference to the operations of Nestle. In essence, Nestle SA is a multinational food as well as drink corporation, situated in Switzerland. The business concern decided to leverage its entire size during the year 2000 and in this context decided to sign an agreement with particularly SAP for introducing the ERP system in eighty different nations across the world. However, an additional amount of approximately $80 million was expended by the corporation for improvement and maintenance of the entire system. However it was realized by the business concern that in case if the corporation intended to be competitive there is requirement for standardization of processes of business. As such, execution of the specific system includes financials namely SAP.com, management of production, handling accounts payables as well as receivables, procurement together with planning (Gordon and Dyer 2014). Execution of the ERP ar rangement has already been undertaken by the company in the United Kingdom branch of operations. Particularly, this was carried out prior to the process of execution in SA. Again, British subsidiary of the company executed SAP R/3 over the 5 year period. Essentially, this can be regarded as the largest arrangement of ERP executed with more than 6000 users. Objectives of the corporation for the process of execution were primarily associated to the process of tightening the entire supply chain, leveraging the size of the organization and re-engineering of procedures along with work practices. Yet another aspect of execution of SAP ERP implementation included execution of own SAP ERP projects in USA that in turn led to the excellence of business by means of system technology. In addition to this, there was also execution of 5 different SAP modules that was present throughout the entire course of 6 years. In essence, unification was necessarily one of the primary objectives behind the p rocess of execution of this system of ERP (Bradford 2015). Corporation has roughly 28 points of customer entry along with nine-journals before the execution of the specific system. Primarily, the objective of this system was to lessen the number of customer entry points to one. However, for all the segments, the goal of execution of the system was analogous. Moreover, ERP was necessary for controlling and centralizing data for making reporting financials as well as forecasting more precise and reliable. Essentially both during and before the process of execution, competitive limitation was existent. Again, execution of such kind of system also assisted in the process of thriving in the worldwide economy and becoming more effectual (Bradds et al. 2017). Business case on Adidas Australia: Adidas can be considered to be a worldwide leader in a sports sector and is a highly recognized and well-known corporation. Again, a single storehouse of Adidas is operated in particularly Mulgrave, Victoria that again aided in distributing the sports apparel and sporting products to retailers across Australia. The company invested a considerable amount for enterprise wide implementation of the SAP R/3 arrangement of the system of ERP. In this case, the Australian Office was initially the first to execute this kind of system. Execution of SAP in specifically Australia was primarily associated to functionality of management of storehouse for diverse footwear products and clothing, handling of data as regards size, colour along with style. Moreover, one of the vital sections of operation of the corporation was warehousing, however, inclusion was essentially the main priority of the corporation (Barkhi and Kozlowski 2017). As such, management of Adidas recognized some of the basic needs that included utilization of wireless and handless devices for the purpose of acquirement of data mechanically. Furthermore, a requirement for flexibility was also detected for accommodation of future alterations into the specific system and particularly for the purpose of future growth. Basically, the key to internal inventory administration and efficient logistics is necessarily the functionality of acquiring data faultlessly. For the purpose of acquiring solution to data acquirement process, the corporation has adjusted to process of (Data System International). Essentially, some of the operations of the system contains zone picking execution for operating with the specific infrastructure of management of material. This also includes communication regarding operation of warehouses into the specific SAP arrangement. Akhtar (2016) mentioned that development tailored to the needs or requirements of business help in execution of DSI. This also includes assimilation of data between h andheld radio frequency instruments and wireless instruments. Again, transactions of SAP also includes superior movement, put ways, process of cycle counting, arrangement of dispatch, procedure of zone picking as well as replacement (Akagic and Hodzic 2014). There is also certain processes that include value added label price, procedure of tagging of security at diverse offsite location that was also contained by initiating the solution of DSI related to the consignment note printing as well as despatching specific label. Again, corporation has also updated the process of installation of SAP. Again, mobility software was also offered by DSI that helped business in undertaking their operational actions and provided accessibility to data on any type of instruments (Ahmadi et al. 2015). Again, SAP functions were also enhanced by the function of the dClink that essentially aided in maintaining regulations of occupational health as well as safety. Particularly, this also includes replenishments from specifically bulk practices to pickface. However, with the process of upgradation of the SAP during the year 2013 that subsequently led to the further expansion of the solution that involved roll-in of Adidas operating in Australia. Business Case on Oilco Australia: Oilco is a well-known marketer as well as refiner of a wide range of petroleum based products in the country Australia. The corporation also possesses assets worth roughly AUD 2 billion and employs around 200 people. This shows that this company is one of the major industrial corporations that enjoys substantial share of the market in Australia. Oilco is essentially a subsidiary of major transnational oil firm in the globe. Oil industry witnessed rising competition and underwent important restructuring throughout the world during the 80s. In order to gain competitive advantage in this competitive market, Oilco enhanced the customer service, assimilated mechanization procedures and facilitated the restructuring of designed business. Management of the organization Oilco selected the mainframe support solution for attaining the necessities of the business. The management of the business introduced a process of business by execution of a system that can help in aligning with then process ing mechanisms of ERP (Ahmad and Cuenca 2013). Again, Oilco also intended to restructure the present business process and at the same time maximised the benefits from assimilation of ERP. Simultaneously, management also detected the alterations in the procedure of business. Application of ERP arrangement has been operative for around 5 years now. Essentially, application of the ERP system has helped the company to enhance the process of sales forecasting, restructuring business procedures, automation of the process of delivery, techniques of ordering, processing of real time data and augmenting the same (Agarwal 2016). Business Case on Cadbury Management of Cadbury undertook one of the largest worldwide ERP implementation programs in recent years and executed the SAP. This process of implementation was carried out by Kraft that necessarily credited the entire system with reduced cost of business. Solutions for Data management were also thereafter added further by SAP. Huge number of chocolate bars was developed after installation of enterprise resource planning (ERP) was employed by the corporation. Application of ERP delivered several benefits to the business concern that include alteration of the system of warehouse management and helped in developing the strengths that can subsequently assist the same in remaining competitive (Ahmad and Cuenca 2013). Business Case on Grupo Modelo and Corona Extra: Grupo Modelo assumed an grand project for becoming a process based organization that can help in ensuring consistency of both rules as well as processes globally. Businesses acquire better insight into the operations by standardization of the processes across different segments of business that includes convenience stores, diverse centres of distribution as well as breweries. The business concern applied of the solution of the SAP during the year 2012 with the aim of risk management, management of corporate governance and management of legislation (Ahmad and Cuenca 2013). The management of the company implemented the SAP to function with the existing ERP SAP arrangement with main concentration on the control of the process and management of risk. However, enumerating and constant monitoring of risk of the corporation from a distinct dashboard involve difficulties. Corona Extra is referred to as one of the major premium beer that has a market share of around 4.2%. The main aim of the corporation is to bring into line the internal business processes across the business for changing the corporation into a process oriented one. The management of the corporation was of the view that this could be done by application of the SAP system for different risks, system of compliance as well as governance. The related advantages from the application of the system include maintenance of control in different projects, reduction in conflicts stemming from segregation of duties, maintenance of control of several pending tasks, smoothening of the process of decision making by way of proper monitoring of risks by means of a lone dashboard (Akagic and Hodzic 2014). Furthermore, the management was also of the opinion that application of the Access Control of SAP (10) would assist in the process of reduction of the conflicts of mitigation of risks. Business Alignment and the system of ERP: Application of the ERP calls for the need of alignment of business and particularly ERP namely SAP. Owing to steady changes in specifically the technological as well as business environment it is difficult to attain alignment between processes of business and the system application. Nevertheless, realization of benefits is constantly aligned with the business processes and stratagems of corporations with system of ERP (Akagic and Hodzic 2014). Employing ERP can be considered to be a high risk and at the same time a highly costly venture. Essentially, a business concern is capable of arriving at feasible decision regarding risks, costs as well as benefits of implementation of this specific system in diverse stages of operations. It can be hereby said that a business entity can acquire greater advantages during the long term and further investment is necessary in case of iterative approach of realization of advantages (Akhtar 2016). Conclusion In conclusion it can be hereby mentioned that it is obligatory for businesses to streamline and restructure the business processes in todays competitive business environment. This reframing of processes can help in reduction of cost, enhancement of profit as well as productivity and attainment of flexibility. Primary objective of ERP solution is incorporation of data of both across as well as within the processes of business that can assist the business to attain higher value from system. Business concerns employ the system of ERP for managing all the intricacies of undertaking business. However, one of the most intricate issues related to the process of employment of the system of SAP ERP is review the benefits and limitations that are encountered by business. Essentially, advantages can be acquired in from the perspective of globalization whilst taking into consideration individuals in the management along with the shareholders of businesses. Implementation of this system help busi ness concerns to compete internationally and system facilitate the process of addressing different financial, legal together with compliance related issues. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the business concerns need to take into account certain vital critical success facets whilst applying the system of SAP ERP. Review of the literature obtained from different sources also help in understanding the fact that the application of ERP proved to be successful in certain corporations while many business entities encountered failures. SAP ERP Implementation in majority of corporations was chiefly because of the facets that aided entities to remain competitive and mitigate different business challenges. References Agarwal, S., 2016. Time Management with SAP ERP HCM-SAP HR. Ahmad, M.M. and Cuenca, R.P., 2013. Critical success factors for ERP implementation in SMEs. 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